Period+2+MC+26


 * ===Here are practice questions that we will work on in class and for HW. Students, as groups and as individuals, will complete these questions WITH detailed explanations. Simply answering the question with the letter answer will NOT be enough. Students will then present, on occasions, their reasons for their answers in class. ===

How to get started:

 * 1) Copy and paste the below info.
 * 2) Open up a Microsoft Word document.
 * 3) Paste into this Microsoft Word document and save (getting a thumbdrive is a really good idea so you can easy bring your work to class).
 * 4) Start answering your assigned question(s).
 * 5) Save often.
 * 6) When you can. . . upload your answers to the Wiki. NOTE. . . only one person can be on the site at a time. You will see a warning if you are trying to upload when someone else is.
 * 7) Save your work on the Wiki.

= Ecology Multiple Choice = 1. All of the following statements about the earth’s ozone layer are false EXCEPT: a. it is composed of o2 b.  it amplifies the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth c. it is thinning as a result of widespread use of certain chlorine-containing compounds d. it is thickening as a result of widespread use of certain chlorine-containing compounds e. it allows green light in but screens out red light
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

2. Which of the following is the major primary producer in a savanna ecosystem? a. lion b. gazelle c. grass d. snake e. diatom
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

3. The carrying capacity of a population is defined as: a. the amount of time the parents in the population spend rearing and nurturing their offspring. b. The maximum population size that certain environment can support at a particular time c. The amount of vegetation that a certain geographic area can support d. The number of different types of species a biome can support e. The number of different genes a population can carry at a particular time
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

4. Which of the following is the term used to describe major types of ecosystems that occupy broad geographic regions? a. biome b. community c. chaparral d. trophic level e. photic zone
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

5. A lake that is nutrient rich and that supports a vast array of algae is said to be: a. oligotrophic b. abyssal c. littoral d. eutrophic e. limnetic
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

6. Which of the following best describes an estuary? a. An area that is periodically flooded so its soil is consistently damp b. An area where a river changes course after being diverted from its original course by an obstacle. c. The area where a fresh water river merges with the ocean d. The area where a mass of cold water and a mass of warm water meet in a pelagic zone e. An outshoot of land that extends into the ocean
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

7. Which of the following is the term that refers to the layer of inorganic and organic nutrients that layers the ocean floor? a. Littoral zone b. Limnetic zone c. Abyssal zone d. Benthic zone e. Photic zone
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

For Q’s 8-12, use the following below lettered answers: a. temperate grassland b. tropical rainforest c. temperate deciduous forest d. tundra e. desert

8. Characterized by permafrost and few large plants.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

9. Characterized by epiphytes and significant canopy.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

10. Characterized by an understory of shrubs and trees that lose their leaves in the fall.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

11. Characterized by occasional fires and nutrient rich soil.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

12. Characterized by sparse rainfall and fluctuating temperatures.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

13. Fixed action patterns (FAPs) are instigated by which of the following? a. Mating behavior b. Ritual behavior c. Innate stimulus d. Sign stimulus e. Action potential
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

14. One Morning, a woman who usually feeds her two cats in the morning passes by the food bowl without putting food in it. The cats usually run over to the bowl as she approaches it, but after four mornings of her passing the bowl without putting food in it, the cats no longer run over to the bowl. The is an example of a. Maturation b. Imprinting c. Habituation d. Foraging e. Sensitivity
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

15. Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate when they heard the ring of a particular bell; this is an example of a.  Classical conditioning b. Operant conditioning c. Sensitivity d. Imprinting e. Maturation
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

16. The phenomenon in which young ducks follow their mother in line is a result of which of the following? a. Habituation b. Imprinting c. Maturation d. Foraging e. Conditioning
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

17. Altruism exists in populations because: a. It deprives members of the species of territory and results in agonistic behavior. b. It can result in the passing on of the altruistic member’s genes c. It can result in the overall success of the community d. It can result in a bond between the altruistic member and the recipient who receives altruism, and the recipient might later reciprocate the altruism e. It can result in maximizing of the altruistic member’s genetic representation in a population, if the altruistic member’s behavior is directed toward a close relative.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

18. A bacterial colony that exists in an environment displaying ideal conditions will undergo: a. Logistic growth b. Explosive growth c. Hyperactive growth d. Exponential growth e. Unbounded growth
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

19. A species’ specific use of the biotic and abiotic factors in an environment is collectively called the species’: a. Habitat b. Trophic level c. Ecological niche d. Placement e. Partitioning
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

20. In which type of camouflaging does a non-toxic animal mimic the appearance of a toxic animal? a. Mullerian mimicry b. Cryptic coloration c. Aposematic coloration d. Batesian mimicry e. Parasitoidism
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

21. The dominant species in a community is the one that a. Has the greatest number of individuals b. Is at the top of the food chain c. Has the largest biomass d. Eats all other members of the community e. Bears the most offspring in each mating
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

22. Which statement best describes energy transfer in a food web? a. Energy is transferred to consumers, which convert it to nitrogen compounds and us it to synthesize amino acids b. Energy from producers is converted into oxygen and transferred to consumers c. Energy from the sun is stored in green plants and transferred to consumers d. Energy is transferred to consumers that use it to synthesize food e. Energy moves from autotrophs to heterotrophs to decomposers, which convert it to a form producers can use again.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

23. A fire cleared a large area of forest in Yellowstone National Park in the 1980s. When the first plants pioneered this burned area, this was an example of a. Primary succession b. Secondary succession c. Biological evolution d. A keystone species e. The top-down model ** Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

24. In the nitrogen cycle, the process by which organic nitrogen is decomposed back to ammonium is know as: a. Ammonification b. Denitrification c. Nitrogen-fixation d. Nitrogen cycling e. Nitrogenation
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

25. The process in which CO2 in the atmosphere intercepts and absorbs reflected infrared radiation and re=reflect is back to the Earth is known as: a. Global warming b. Atmospheric insulation c. Stratospheric insulation d. Biological magnification e. The greenhouse effect
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

= Evolution Questions =

1. The condition in which there are barriers to inbreeding between individuals of the same species separated by a portion of a mountain range is referred to as Answer: 2 === beal. . . correct! Remember it is when the same species are prevented from breeding! ===
 * 1) minute variations
 * 2) geographic isolation
 * 3) infertility
 * 4) reproductive isolation
 * 5) differential breeding capacity

Explanation: This happens since the mountain range splits the species, so they are forced to breed with only the organisms on their side. 2. Which of the following statements best express the concept of gradualism? Answer: 4 === beal. . . correct! But remember to say it is a long process. ===
 * 1) Minute changes in the genome individuals eventually lead to the evolution of a population.
 * 2) The five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will prevent populations from evolving quickly.
 * 3) Evolution occurs in rapid bursts of change alternating with long periods in which species remain relatively unchanged.
 * 4) Profound change over the course of geologic history is the result of an accumulation of slow, continuous processes.
 * 5) When two species compete for a single resource in the same environment, one of them will gradually become extinct.

Explanation: Gradualism can be found using the fossil record.

3. A number of different phylogenies have been proposed by scientists over the decades. These are useful because they Answer: 5 === beal. . . correct! ===
 * 1) predict which species will evolve the most quickly in the future
 * 2) give us information about which species evolved most quickly in the past
 * 3) allow us to determine when two populations that are similar evolved into separate species.
 * 4) show that molecular resemblances among closely related organisms are rare.
 * 5) Allow us to study evolutionary relationships and evaluate the relatedness of living organisms.

Explanation: Phylogenies trace the evolutionary history of a species or a group of species, so these phylogenies are useful because they can show us how species are related and how they branch off of eachother in the evolutionary tree of life and how morphologically and biochemically organism are related.

4. All of the following statements are part of Darwin’s theory of evolution EXCEPT: Answer: 1 === beal. . . correct! Remember that Darwin did not know about gene mutation! ===
 * 1) The most prominent contribution to evolution is made by the process of genetic mutation
 * 2) Natural selection is the force behind evolution.
 * 3) Natural selection occurs as a result of the differing reproductive success of individuals in a population.
 * 4) The driving force of evolution is the adaptation of a population of organisms to their environment.
 * 5) More individuals are born in a population than will survive to reproduce.

Explanation: The most prominent contribution to evolution is the process of Natural Selection.

5. In a certain group of rabbits, the presence of yellow fur is the result of a homozygous recessive condition in the biochemical pathway producing hair pigment. If the frequency of the allele for this condition is .10, which of the following is the closest to the frequency of the dominant allele in this population? (Assume that the population is in HW equilibrium.  Answer : 4 ===beal. . . correct! === Explanation:  p+q=1 (q is the allele frequency for the homozygous recessive) p+(0.10)=1 p=1-.10 p=.90 
 * 1) .01
 * 2) .20
 * 3) .40
 * 4) .90
 * 5) 1.0

The group of questions below consists of fiver lettered choices followed by a list of numbered phrases or sentences. For each numbered phrase or sentence, select the one choice that is most closely related to it. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all. 6. Leads to new species with certain traits desired by humans. Answer: 1 === beal. . . correct, but a better answer is a selective breeding of domesticate plants and animals for a desired outcome. ===   Explanation: Artificial selection is when humans decide what organisms will mate, usually to achieve certain characteristics. ex. Dog breeding to form a hybrid breed
 * 1) artificial selection
 * 2) homology
 * 3) gene pool
 * 4) The founder effect
 * 5) The bottleneck effect

7. Can result in a new island population with limited gene pool. Answer: #4 - The founder effect === beal. . . correct! ===

Explanation: The definition of the founder effect states that it is the genetic drift attributable to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population. In simpler terms, when a population migrates to a new area, //such as a new island//, their numbers are limited in the gene pool.

8. One result of evolution from a common ancestor. Answer: #2 - Homology === beal. . . correct ===

Explanation: The definition is homology is read as the similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry. The definition is almost identicle to the question. For example, donkeys, horses, and mules have similar characteristics due to their common ancestry.

9. A result of drastic reduction in population size due to a sudden change in the environment. **Answer: # 5 The bottleneck effect** === beal. . . correct === 10. Constitutes all of the alleles in a population. **Answer: # 3 Gene pool** === beal. . . correct! ===
 * Explanation: The bottleneck effect describes when after a natural disaster, a significant amount of the population gets killed off and genetic variation is greatly reduced.**

11. All of the following are examples of prezygotic barriers EXCEPT: Answer: 5 beal. . . correct
 * Explanation: A gene pool is all of the genes in a population.**
 * 1) habitat isolation
 * 2) behavioral isolation
 * 3) temporal isolation
 * 4) mechanical isolation
 * 5) hybrid breakdown

Explanation: Hybrid breakdown is a postzygotic barrier where the first generation is fertile but the second generation is sterile and not as strong.

12. Species that are found only in one particular geographic location are said to be Answer:3 Explanation: Speciation is where a species seperates to another geological location. ex: They believe humans speciated from other sapiens in Africa.
 * 1) behaviorally evolved
 * 2) endemic
 * 3) speciated
 * 4) undergoing behavioral isolation
 * 5) undergoing mechanical isolation

beal. . . nope: species that are found in only one geographic location are said to be endemic. some examples of endemic species are kangaroos.

13. The allele that causes sickle-cell disease is found with greater frequency in Africa, where malaria is more of a threat, than in the U.S. Which genetic phenomena most likely contributes to the difference in frequency? Answer: #1 beal. . . correct but you didn't really explain the heterozygote advantage.
 * 1) heterozygote advantage
 * 2) heterozygote protection theory
 * 3) balanced polymorphism
 * 4) frequency-dependent selection
 * 5) neutral variations

Explanation: Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease. People who have the disease inherit two copies of the sickle cell gene, one from each parent. The sickle cell gene causes the body to make abnormal hemoglobin. It allows you to have an immunity to malaria.

14. In a population of squirrels, the allele that causes bushy tail (B) is dominant, while the allele that causes bald tail is recessive (b). If we know the frequency with which the bushy tail (B) allele occurs, we can calculate the frequency of the bald tail (b) allele with which of the following equations? Answer: #3. beal. . . correct! Explanation: You take the equation p+q=1, and replace p and q with B, b. You subtract the B to get b by itself, which gives you the answer b=1-B. p+q=1 B+b=1 -B -B b=1-B 15. The categories in which systematists place species, in order of increasing specificity, are Answer:2 beal. . . correct!
 * 1) b-B=1
 * 2) 2b=B
 * 3) b=1-B
 * 4) b2 -1=B
 * 5) b + 1=B
 * 1) species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
 * 2) domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
 * 3) class, domain, family, genus, kingdom, order, phylum, species
 * 4) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">family, genus, order, phylum, species, kingdom, domain, class
 * 5) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">phylum, genus, order, species, class, domain, kingdom

Explanation:Genus and Species are the names commonly used to define an animal, and are referred to as the common name, as together they can only refer to one animal. Domain is the broadest category, its three descriptors, <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #670f0f; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, d escribe the type of cells which make up the creature. 16. A marsupial living in Austria has evolved to eat tree leaves, be diurnal, and raise its young until they are of reproductive age. A grazing placental mammal has also evolved to eat tree leaves, be diurnal, and raise its young until they are of reproductive age. This is an example of which of the following types of evolution? <span style="color: #7b0e0e; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Answer:3 beal. . . correct!
 * 1) divergent evolution
 * 2) species-specific evolution
 * 3) convergent evolution
 * 4) neutral evolution
 * 5) sibling evolution

Explanation: Convergent evolution is when two animals of different evolutionary backgrounds develop the same traits independently as a result of undergoing evolution in very similar ecolgical roles and environments.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">17. Which of the following can lead to sympatric speciation? Answer: 4 beal. . . correct!
 * 1) migration of a small number of individuals
 * 2) natural disaster that cuts off contact between members of a population
 * 3) a newly formed river separates segments of a population
 * 4) autopolyploidy
 * 5) bottleneck effect

Explanation: Sympatric speciation is speciation that takes place in geographically overlapping regions. Autopolyploidy is the only selection that occus withing a single species population, and it occurs when there is a mutation in the cell division in a group of organisms of one population.

18. Which of the following is the basis upon which biologists construct cladograms? Answer: 1 beal. . . correct!
 * 1) patterns of shared characteristics
 * 2) analogies among related organisms
 * 3) molecular similarities, but not structural similarities
 * 4) paraphyletic groupings
 * 5) similarities within populations

Explanation: Cladograms do not imply evolutionary history, but similarites between species (such as homologous structures) due to similar ancestry. 19. In a phylogeny of the animal kingdom, the wings of butterflies and the wings of birds would best be described as Answer: # 4 - Analogous structures beal. . . correct!
 * 1) shared derived characters
 * 2) shared primitive characters
 * 3) homologous structures
 * 4) analogous structures
 * 5) clades

Explanation: Analogy is defined as the structure between two species that are not closely related. They are analogous because they look alike and they perform similar functions, like permitting them to fly. They are not homologous because their formations are completely different because of not being related to a common ancestor.

20. Which of the following constitutes the smallest unit capable of evolution? <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Answer: # 3 A population** beal. . . correct!
 * 1) an individual
 * 2) a group
 * 3) a population
 * 4) a clade
 * 5) a community

Help · About · Blog · Terms · Privacy · [|**Support**] · [|**Upgrade**]Contributions to http://bealbio.wikispaces.com are licensed under a [|Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License]. Portions not contributed by visitors are Copyright 2009 Tangient LLC.
 * Explanation: Adaptations need to be inherited. An individual cannot make the drastic changes in itself that would be considered evolution. A group of a community don't go through evolutionary changes in a short period of time. A clade is broader than a population. a population is the smallest unit capable of evolution with the time span to actually evolve.** || q [[image:http://www.wikispaces.com/_/2009090700/i/c.gif width="1" height="600"]] ||  ||
 * 12 done by the same as 11. |||| [[image:http://www.wikispaces.com/_/2009090700/i/c.gif width="1" height="1"]] || [[image:http://www.wikispaces.com/_/2009090700/i/bBR.gif width="8" height="8"]] ||