Period+2+chem+ch+4


 * AP Biology**


 * Chapter 4 Guided Reading Assignment**

Again, this chapter is a review of previously covered material. We will be moving through the material very quickly, please see me for extra assistance if needed.

1. Why is organic chemistry so important in the study of biology? 1. It is important because compounds can be synthesized in a laboratory and the structure of the compound can be analyzed by the elements within it. 2. Another reason for its importance is because it allows for testing with reactions. Different compounds can be tested with each other and reactions that occur and display certain results that can be useful. 3. Inventions are a true turnout of organic chemistry. Because of organic chemistry, things like petroleum and artificial rubbers were invented

beal. . . good. 2. Why was the Urey-Miller experiment so important? The Urey-Miller experiment showed that organic compounds could arise frrom inorganic compounds by using a laboratory simulation of chemical conditions on the primitive Earth to demonstrate that the spontaneous synthesis of organic compounds could have been an early stage in the origin of life.

beal. . . good.

3. What is special about carbon that makes it the central atom in the chemistry of life?
 * Carbon is unparalled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules. This molecular diversity has made the vast array of organisms that exist on Earth today possible. Carbon accounts for the large diversity of biological molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA. **

beal. . . good. . . but why?

4. Use the diagram below to label and contrast the three types of isomers. a) **Structural isomers (a) differ in covalent partners.**

b)
 * Geometric isomers (b) differ in arrangements about a double bond. **

c) beal. . . good.
 * Enantiomers (c) differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon, resulting in molecules that are mirror images (like the left and right hand). **

5. Create a table below: after each functional group – draw the structure, name the compound, write an example and note the functional properties – (doesn’t this look like great quiz material?) a. Hydroxyl- also known as the Hydroxide ion

Compounds containing this group are known as alcohols

Ethanol Creates polar compounds and thus, hydrophilic compounds Attracts water, helping to dissolve organic compounds

b. Carbonyl Two types Aldehydes- occur when the group is located inside the carbon skeleton of a molecule Acetone Ketones- occur when the group is present on the end of the carbon skeleton Ketones and Aldehydes can be structural isomers of the same compound, but with different properties, as is the case above.

c. Carboxyl Compounds containing carboxyl groups are organic acids Acetic acid Due to the dissociative hydrogen( the hydrogen that can be removed or attached reversibly in water), these compounds are acidic(remember, any compound with free hydrogen ions is an acid) The group is common in cells in its dissociated form, also known as a carboxylate group.

d. Amino ( The red part) Compounds with this group are called amines Glycine (Since this compound has both an amino group, and a carboxyl group, it is both an amine, and a carbonic acid. Compounds with both these groups are known as amino acids)

Due to the attractive nature of the nitrogen, it can act as a base in the presence of an acid, attracting hydrogens and forming [NH3]+(Nitrogen trihydride)



e. Sulfhydryl

f. Phosphate

beal. . . good.