Period+3+chem+ch+4

AP Biology Chapter 4 Guided Reading Assignment Phosphate group** || ||   || beal. . . good.
 * Again, this chapter is a review of previously covered material. We will be moving through the material very quickly, please see me for extra assistance if needed.**
 * 1. Why is organic chemistry so important in the study of biology?**
 * Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon. All organic so that we can understand the molecules that make up the organic compounds we study in biology. **
 * beal. . . good. . . also a lot of lab work is organic chemistry! **
 * 2. Why was the Urey-Miller experiment so important?**
 * The Urey-Miller experiment simulated what we believe the environment of early earth was like. In their experiment, they were able to prove the occurence of chemical evolution in the laboratory-created ecosystem. Organic compound came from inorganic ones, making it likely that this occured early in the origin of life. **
 * beal. . . good. **
 * 3. What is special about carbon that makes it the central atom in the chemistry of life?**
 * Out of all the chemical elements, carbon is not matched in its ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and diverse. This molecular diversity has made it possible for the diversity of organisms that have evolved on Earth. Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that differ in living matter from inanimate other material are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to one another and to atoms of other elements. **
 * beal. . . good. . .but how? why? **
 * 4. Use the diagram below to label and contrast the three types of isomers.**
 * a) Structural Isomers - differ in covalent partners, meaning that they are arranged in different orders**
 * b) Geometric Isomers - differ in arrangement across a double bond, meaning that the structures flip between cis isomers (the left one) and trans isomers (the right one) across the double bonds**
 * c) Enantiomers - differ in spatial arrangement around a carbon atom that is not symmetrical. This causes molecules to be mirror images of each other and they cannot superimpose on each other. The left on is the L isomer and the right one is the D isomer.**
 * 5. Create a table below: after each functional group – draw the structure, name the compound, write and example and note the functional properties – (doesn’t this look like great quiz material?)**
 * a.Hydroxyl- The compound is alcohols. An example is ethanol. Hydroxyl is polar due to the result of the electronegative oxygen atom drawing electrons toward itself. It attracts water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds. **
 * b.Carbonyl- The compounds are ketones and aldehydes. An example is acetone. Aldehydes and ketones may be structural isomers with different properties. **
 * c.Carboxyl- The compound is carboxylic acids. An example is acetic acid. Carboxyl is acidic properties because it is a source of hydrogen ions. The covalent bond between the oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate reversibly. In cells, it is found in the ionic form, which is called a carboxylate group. **
 * d.Amino- The compound is amines. An example is glycine. It acts as a base and can pick up a proton from the surrounding solution. It is ionized with a charge of 1+ under cellular conditions. **
 * e.Sulfhydryl- The compound is thiols. An example is ethanethiol. Two sulfhydryl groups can interact to help stabilize a protein structure. **
 * f.Phosphate- The compound is organic phosphates. An example is glycerol phosphate. It makes the molecule of which it is a part an anion. It can transfer energy between organic molecules. **
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