Period+3+GR+22

​ ​AP Biology Guided Reading Chapter 22

1. What were the two major points of Darwin’s publication “The Origin of Species”? A) He argued evidence that the species of organisms inhaiting Earth today descended from ancestral species. B) He proposed a mechanism for evolution, which termed natural selection.

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2. Define the following terms: a. Natural selection - a population of organisms can change over the generations if individulals are having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than other individual.

beal but: Differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment. Evolution occurs when atural selection causes changes in relative frequencies of all alleles in the gene pool.

b. Evolutionary adaptation - a prevalence of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms survival and reproduction in specific movements.

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c. Evolution - genetic composition of the population had changed over time.

beal: All the charges that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to diversity that characterizes today.

d. Taxonomy - the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. beal: ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess simiarities and differences, leading to a classification scheme; the branch of biology concerned wih naming the diverse forms of life.

3. Detail the impact/position/contribution to evolutionary theory and include a perspective of time in the following: a. Aristotle - (384 BC- 322 BC) He thought that species were fixed; and found affinities among living things which led him to say that life forms could be placed on a ladder depending on their increasing complexities--the scala naturae.

b. Linnaeus - (1707-1778) adopted a system for grouping similar species into a hierarchy of increasingly general categories. No evolutionary kindship, but a century later his taxonomic system would become a focal point in Darwin's arguments of evolution.

c. Cuvier- (1769- 1832) developed paleontology. He noted that the deeper the strata, the more dissimilar the fossils are from current life. Also, from one stratum to the next, species appear and disappear. He came up with catastrophism.

d. Lyell- (1797- 1875) Published the //Principles of Geology//. He believed that geologic processes are operating today at the same rate as in the past and that the earth is older than 6,000 years. He came up with uniformitarianism.

e. Lamarck- (1744-1829)He found several lines of descent which showed a chronological series of older to younger fossils. He came up with 2 principles: use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics. His belief was that evolution occurred because species wanted to become more complex. An example of his belief would be the evolution of a giraffe's neck. Lamarck would say that it's neck grew because it stretched upwards to get food... In the end, his theory was __WRONG__!!

f. Malthus- (1766-1834) believed that much of human suffering (disease, famine, homelessness, and war) were inescapable consequences of the human populations potential to increase faster than food and other resources. Also believed that the struggle for existance was due to capacity to overreproduce, leading to survival fo the fittest.

g. Hutton- (1726-1797) gradualism-profound change can take place through the cumualtive effect of slow but continuous process. Hutton proposed that Earth's geological features could be explianed by gradual mechanisms currently operating in the world.

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4. How does catastrophism relate to the ideas of gradualism? ​  Catastrophism and gradualism are related in a sense that they both deal with major changes in a species. However, catastrophism is major changes that occur at once while gradualism is tiny changes over time that eventually lead to a major evolutionary change.

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5. How did the Voyage of the Beagle impact Darwin’s research?

Since the Voyage of the Beagle took Darwin to different parts of the world, he was able to study fossils and plants from parts of South America and use them for his research. beal. . . and compare them to what he saw on the Galapagos!

6. How did Alfred Wallace impact Darwin in his work?

While Darwin was in the midst of deciding whether or not to publish his origin of species Alfred Wallace sent him his theories on Natural Selection so Darwin finnished the __Origin of Species__ within the year and finnaly published it.

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7. What part did adaptation play in Darwin’s thinking? Species living in environments where adaptation is taking place will create new species. beal. . . more detail. . . this seems out of context!

8. What did Darwin mean by descent with modification? Darwin perceived unity in life with all organisms related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the past. As descendants of that organism spilled into various habitats over millions of years the accumulated adaptations that fit them to a way of life.

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9. What did Mayr take from Darwin’s work – summarize the observations and inferences. beal. . . good!

According to **__Ernst Mayr__**, if organisms reproduce with limited resources, //natural selection// comes into play. Since no two animals are alike, organisms must depend on their inherited traits to keep them alive. Since no animals will survive due to these differences, the traits in the population will become different.

Observations: 1. Population increases in reproduction is a success. 2. Changes are stable, fluctuations occur seasonally 3. Resources are limited. Inferences: 1. The more production that occurs the more the species individuals struggle for life and few offspring survive Observations: 4. No two individuals are exactly the same 5. Much variation in heritable Inferences: 2. Survival depends on inherited traits. those who are most fit to the environment will survive and reproduce offspring that will survive. 3. unequal abilities to survive and reproduce will lead to gradual change in population.

10. How did the concept of artificial selection impact Darwin’s ideas? This concept affected Darwin's ideas because Artificial Selection can make drastic changes over a very short period of time. In contrast, his idea of Natural selection takes many years to change an organism and it occurs by means of nature, not humans. beal. . . and that if given enough time. . . things chage.

11. What three word phrase summarizes Darwin’s mechanism of evolution? beal. . . good!

Descent with Modification

12. Explain the evolution of Drug Resistance in bacteria in terms of natural selection. beal. . . good!

Bacteria became Drug Resistant over time due to their rapidly fast pace of reproduction. After anti-biotics have been inserted in the body, many bacteria died. However the bacteria that lived then reproduced and passed on the traits that allowed them to

. Over time by means of natural selection, they gained and passed on more traits to their offspring that allow them to survive and reproduce (Natural Selection).

13. Define the following terms: a. Homologous structures are structures that are similar between species like wings, forelegs, flippers, and arms of different mammals, because they have decended from a common ancestor. It occurs because of divergant evolution.

b. Vestigial structures are structures that serve little or no purpose to an organism. they are historical remenants of structures that had served a purpose in a proir ancestor.

c. Analogous structures are structures that look similar and serve a similar purpose but do not share a common ancestor. An example of this is the wings of insects and the wings of birds, they both let the animal fly but bird wings are supported by bones and insect wings are not. This is called convergant evolution.

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14. What is biogeography and why is it important to the study of evolution? Biogeography is the geographic disdribtuion of species. It states that species tend to be more closely related to other species from the same area than to other species with the same way of life but living in different areas. An example of biogeography is marsupials living in Australia are different from euthrans, mammals whose young develop in the uterus. Some marsupials look similar to euthrans with similar adaptations for living on other contenents.

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15. How do the fossil record and sedimentary rock provide evidence to evolution? The fossil record is the sucession of fossil forms that shows a chronological order of different species' evolution. it supports evidence from other branches like molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology. An example is those branches predicted that prokaryotes should preceede all eukaryotic life, and the fossil record will supportted it because the oldest known fossils are prokaryotes. It keeps the Darwinian view of life because biology is supported by evolutionary patterns of homology that match patterns in the fossil record.

beal. . . how/what is the chronological order