Period+3+MC+26


 * === Here are practice questions that we will work on in class and for HW. Students, as groups and as individuals, will complete these questions WITH detailed explanations. Simply answering the question with the letter answer will NOT be enough. Students will then present, on occasions, their reasons for their answers in class. ===

How to get started:

 * 1) Copy and paste the below info.
 * 2) Open up a Microsoft Word document.
 * 3) Paste into this Microsoft Word document and save (getting a thumbdrive is a really good idea so you can easy bring your work to class).
 * 4) Start answering your assigned question(s).
 * 5) Save often.
 * 6) When you can. . . upload your answers to the Wiki. NOTE. . . only one person can be on the site at a time. You will see a warning if you are trying to upload when someone else is.
 * 7) Save your work on the Wiki.

= Ecology Multiple Choice = 1. All of the following statements about the earth’s ozone layer are false EXCEPT: a. it is composed of o2 b.  it amplifies the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth c. it is thinning as a result of widespread use of certain chlorine-containing compounds d. it is thickening as a result of widespread use of certain chlorine-containing compounds e. it allows green light in but screens out red light
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

2. Which of the following is the major primary producer in a savanna ecosystem? a. lion b. gazelle c. grass d. snake e. diatom
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

3. The carrying capacity of a population is defined as: a. the amount of time the parents in the population spend rearing and nurturing their offspring. b. The maximum population size that certain environment can support at a particular time c. The amount of vegetation that a certain geographic area can support d. The number of different types of species a biome can support e. The number of different genes a population can carry at a particular time
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

4. Which of the following is the term used to describe major types of ecosystems that occupy broad geographic regions? a. biome b. community c. chaparral d. trophic level e. photic zone
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

5. A lake that is nutrient rich and that supports a vast array of algae is said to be: a. oligotrophic b. abyssal c. littoral d. eutrophic e. limnetic
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

6. Which of the following best describes an estuary? a. An area that is periodically flooded so its soil is consistently damp b. An area where a river changes course after being diverted from its original course by an obstacle. c. The area where a fresh water river merges with the ocean d. The area where a mass of cold water and a mass of warm water meet in a pelagic zone e. An outshoot of land that extends into the ocean
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

7. Which of the following is the term that refers to the layer of inorganic and organic nutrients that layers the ocean floor? a. Littoral zone b. Limnetic zone c. Abyssal zone d. Benthic zone e. Photic zone
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

For Q’s 8-12, use the following below lettered answers: a. temperate grassland b. tropical rainforest c. temperate deciduous forest d. tundra e. desert

8. Characterized by permafrost and few large plants.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

9. Characterized by epiphytes and significant canopy.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

10. Characterized by an understory of shrubs and trees that lose their leaves in the fall.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

11. Characterized by occasional fires and nutrient rich soil.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

12. Characterized by sparse rainfall and fluctuating temperatures.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

13. Fixed action patterns (FAPs) are instigated by which of the following? a. Mating behavior b. Ritual behavior c. Innate stimulus d. Sign stimulus e. Action potential
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

14. One Morning, a woman who usually feeds her two cats in the morning passes by the food bowl without putting food in it. The cats usually run over to the bowl as she approaches it, but after four mornings of her passing the bowl without putting food in it, the cats no longer run over to the bowl. The is an example of a. Maturation b. Imprinting c. Habituation d. Foraging e. Sensitivity
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

15. Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate when they heard the ring of a particular bell; this is an example of a.  Classical conditioning b. Operant conditioning c. Sensitivity d. Imprinting e. Maturation
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

16. The phenomenon in which young ducks follow their mother in line is a result of which of the following? a. Habituation b. Imprinting c. Maturation d. Foraging e. Conditioning
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

17. Altruism exists in populations because: a. It deprives members of the species of territory and results in agonistic behavior. b. It can result in the passing on of the altruistic member’s genes c. It can result in the overall success of the community d. It can result in a bond between the altruistic member and the recipient who receives altruism, and the recipient might later reciprocate the altruism e. It can result in maximizing of the altruistic member’s genetic representation in a population, if the altruistic member’s behavior is directed toward a close relative.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

18. A bacterial colony that exists in an environment displaying ideal conditions will undergo: a. Logistic growth b. Explosive growth c. Hyperactive growth d. Exponential growth e. Unbounded growth
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

19. A species’ specific use of the biotic and abiotic factors in an environment is collectively called the species’: a. Habitat b. Trophic level c. Ecological niche d. Placement e. Partitioning
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

20. In which type of camouflaging does a non-toxic animal mimic the appearance of a toxic animal? a. Mullerian mimicry b. Cryptic coloration c. Aposematic coloration d. Batesian mimicry e. Parasitoidism
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

21. The dominant species in a community is the one that a. Has the greatest number of individuals b. Is at the top of the food chain c. Has the largest biomass d. Eats all other members of the community e. Bears the most offspring in each mating
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

22. Which statement best describes energy transfer in a food web? a. Energy is transferred to consumers, which convert it to nitrogen compounds and us it to synthesize amino acids b. Energy from producers is converted into oxygen and transferred to consumers c. Energy from the sun is stored in green plants and transferred to consumers d. Energy is transferred to consumers that use it to synthesize food e. Energy moves from autotrophs to heterotrophs to decomposers, which convert it to a form producers can use again.
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

23. A fire cleared a large area of forest in Yellowstone National Park in the 1980s. When the first plants pioneered this burned area, this was an example of a. Primary succession b. Secondary succession c. Biological evolution d. A keystone species e. The top-down model ** Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

24. In the nitrogen cycle, the process by which organic nitrogen is decomposed back to ammonium is know as: a. Ammonification b. Denitrification c. Nitrogen-fixation d. Nitrogen cycling e. Nitrogenation
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

25. The process in which CO2 in the atmosphere intercepts and absorbs reflected infrared radiation and re=reflect is back to the Earth is known as: a. Global warming b. Atmospheric insulation c. Stratospheric insulation d. Biological magnification e. The greenhouse effect
 * Answer: **
 * Explanation: **

= Evolution Questions =

1. The condition in which there are barriers to inbreeding between individuals of the same species separated by a portion of a mountain range is referred to as Answer: 2 === beal. . . correct! Remember it is when the same species are prevented from breeding! === Explanation: The mountains act as a geographic barrier.
 * 1) minute variations
 * 2) **geographic isolation**
 * 3) infertility
 * 4) reproductive isolation
 * 5) differential breeding capacity

2. Which of the following statements best express the concept of gradualism? Answer: 4 === beal. . . correct! === Explanation: Gradualism- theory that new species evolve from existing species through gradual, often imperceptible changes rather than through abrupt, major changes.
 * 1) Minute changes in the genome individuals eventually lead to the evolution of a population.
 * 2) The five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will prevent populations from evolving quickly.
 * 3) Evolution occurs in rapid bursts of change alternating with long periods in which species remain relatively unchanged.
 * 4) **Profound change over the course of geologic history is the result of an accumulation of slow, continuous processes.**
 * 5) When two species compete for a single resource in the same environment, one of them will gradually become extinct.

3. A number of different phylogenies have been proposed by scientists over the decades. These are useful because they > Answer: 5 === beal. . . correct! === Explanation: phylogeny- the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. By studying evolutionary history, scientists can study evolutionary relationships or === how they are related! ===
 * 1) predict which species will evolve the most quickly in the future
 * 2) give us information about which species evolved most quickly in the past
 * 3) allow us to determine when two populations that are similar evolved into separate species.
 * 4) show that molecular resemblances among closely related organisms are rare.
 * 5) **allow us to study evolutionary relationships and evaluate the relatedness of living organisms.**

4. All of the following statements are part of Darwin’s theory of evolution EXCEPT: Answer: 1 === beal. . . correct! Remember that Darwin did not know about gene mutation! === Explanation: The most important factor of Darwin's theory of evolution is natural selection; not genetic mutation.
 * 1) **The most prominent contribution to evolution is made by the process of genetic mutation **
 * 2) Natural selection is the force behind evolution.
 * 3) Natural selection occurs as a result of the differing reproductive success of individuals in a population.
 * 4) The driving force of evolution is the adaptation of a population of organisms to their environment.
 * 5) More individuals are born in a population than will survive to reproduce.

5. In a certain group of rabbits, the presence of yellow fur is the result of a homozygous recessive condition in the biochemical pathway producing hair pigment. If the frequency of the allele for this condition is .10, which of the following is the closest to the frequency of the dominant allele in this population? (Assume that the population is in HW equilibrium. Answer: 4 === beal. . . correct! === Explanation: .1 plus .9 equals 1, which is proven by the formula p+q=1 The group of questions below consists of fiver lettered choices followed by a list of numbered phrases or sentences. For each numbered phrase or sentence, select the one choice that is most closely related to it. Each choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all.  6. Leads to new species with certain traits desired by humans. Answer: Artificial Selection === beal. . . correct, but a better answer is a selective breeding of domesticate plants and animals for a desired outcome. === Explanation: Artificial means created by humans. 
 * 1) .01
 * 2) .20
 * 3) .40
 * 4) .90
 * 5) 1.0
 * 1) artificial selection
 * 2) homology
 * 3) gene pool
 * 4) The founder effect
 * 5) The bottleneck effect

7. Can result in a new island population with limited gene pool. Answer: The Founder Effect === beal. . . correct but be careful with VERY different. better to say. . . the less the new gene poll will resemble that of the parent population. === Explanation:A species arrives on an island, and generations after the founders, the species is very different from the population they came from.  8. One result of evolution from a common ancestor. Answer: Homology === beal. . . correct but give me more detail like decent from a common ancestor. === Explanation: Homo means same, as in same or common ancestor. 

9. A result of drastic reduction in population size due to a sudden change in the environment. Answer: The bottleneck effect === beal. . . correct, but again. . . more detail. . . a natural disaster! ===

Explanation: The bottleneck effect is when the population is reduced drastically due to a sudden change . 

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10. Constitutes all of the alleles in a population. <span style="color: #f05a19; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Answer: Gene pool === beal. . . correct! ===

Explanation: A gene pool constitutes all of the alleles in a population. <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">11. All of the following are examples of prezygotic barriers EXCEPT: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Answer: Hybrid breakdown beal. . . correct
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">habitat isolation
 * 2) behavioral isolation
 * 3) temporal isolation
 * 4) mechanical isolation
 * 5) hybrid breakdown

Explanation: Hybrid breakdown is postzygotic so it prevents a hybrid zygote from developing into a fertile adult.

12. Species that are found only in one particular geographic location are said to be Answer: Speciated Explanation: Speciation is when species are created by a series of evolutionary processes and population are isolated either reproductively or geographically.
 * 1) behaviorally evolved
 * 2) endemic
 * 3) speciated
 * 4) undergoing behavioral isolation
 * 5) undergoing mechanical isolation

beal. . . nope: species that are found in only one geographic location are said to be endemic. some examples of endemic species are kangaroos.

13. The allele that causes sickle-cell disease is found with greater frequency in Africa, where malaria is more of a threat, than in the U.S. Which genetic phenomena most likely contributes to the difference in frequency? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Answer: 1. heterozygote advantage beal. . . correct!
 * 1) heterozygote advantage
 * 2) heterozygote protection theory
 * 3) balanced polymorphism
 * 4) frequency-dependent selection
 * 5) neutral variations

Explanation: <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Because when you are a heterozygote malaria is much less, which is an advantage for them. Also, when you are a heterozygote, you do not have sickle-cell disease because it is homozygous recessive. This in turn causes the heterozygote advantage which is more prevalent in Africa. It is adventageous to be a heterozygote because you do not have sickle-cell disease and malaria is much less.

14. In a population of squirrels, the allele that causes bushy tail (B) is dominant, while the allele that causes bald tail is recessive (b). If we know the frequency with which the bushy tail (B) allele occurs, we can calculate the frequency of the bald tail (b) allele with which of the following equations? Answer: 3. b=1-B beal. . . correct!
 * 1) b-B=1
 * 2) 2b=B
 * 3) b=1-B
 * 4) b2 -1=B
 * 5) b + 1=B

Explanation: <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">This is the equation that would be used because if you have B then you would want to subtract this from 1 which is the total. You always want to find the recessive allele (b) first. This would then give you the equation 1-B=b.

15. The categories in which systematists place species, in order of increasing specificity, are Answer: <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. species, genus, family, order, class phylum, kingdom, domain beal. . . correct!
 * 1) species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
 * 2) domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
 * 3) class, domain, family, genus, kingdom, order, phylum, species
 * 4) family, genus, order, phylum, species, kingdom, domain, class
 * 5) phylum, genus, order, species, class, domain, kingdom

Explanation: <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">This is the way scientist have agreed upon ordering species.

16. A marsupial living in Austria has evolved to eat tree leaves, be diurnal, and raise its young until they are of reproductive age. A grazing placental mammal has also evolved to eat tree leaves, be diurnal, and raise its young until they are of reproductive age. This is an example of which of the following types of evolution? Answer: <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3. Convergent Evolution beal. . . correct!
 * 1) divergent evolution
 * 2) species-specific evolution
 * 3) convergent evolution
 * 4) neutral evolution
 * 5) sibling evolution

Explanation: <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">This is an example of convergent evolution because they adapted to similar environments in similar ways, but they evolved independently from different ancestors.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">17. Which of the following can lead to sympatric speciation? Answer: 4. autopolyploidy beal. . . correct!
 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">migration of a small number of individuals
 * 2) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">natural disaster that cuts off contact between members of a population
 * 3) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a newly formed river separates segments of a population
 * 4) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">autopolyploidy
 * 5) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">bottleneck effect

Explanation: Large chromosomal mutations within a population can give rise to new species if they survive and reproduce successfully. The first three are examples of allopatric speciation (dealing with separation of location) while sypmpatric speciation is within the same environment. The bottleneck effect usually does not give rise to new species; it changes the allele frequencies and limits the diversity.

18. Which of the following is the basis upon which biologists construct cladograms? 1. patterns of shared characteristics 2. analogies among related organisms 3. molecular similarities, but not structural similarities 4. paraphyletic groupings 5. similarities within populations

Answer: 1, patterns of shared characteritics beal. . . correct, but similar how? due to common ancestor!

Explanation: Similar organism and grouped in clades, a group of species including it's ancestors and decendants. They combine these clades together to form a cladogram. They look at both the DNA and the pheonotipic differences when looking to clasify these. Populations are too strict of a system to see the entire evolutionary tree.

19. In a phylogeny of the animal kingdom, the wings of butterflies and the wings of birds would best be described as 1. shared derived characters 2. shared primitive characters 3. homologous structures 4. analogous structures 5. clades

Answer: 4. analogous structures beal. . . correct!

Explanation: The features serve similar functions, but are not evolutionarily connected to each other. This is the same as the definition for analogous structures. Homologous structures are connected by an evolutionary branch and do not necessarily serve similar functions.

20. Which of the following constitutes the smallest unit capable of evolution? 1. an individual 2. a group 3. a population 4. a clade 5. a community

Answer: 3, a population beal. . . correct!

Explanation: Individuals do not evolve. They are born with their traits, and cannot alter them as they live. Thus, it takes a population of diverse organisms to change through heritary recombination. The difference between a group and population is that a population guarentees that they will be able to reproduce and have fertile offspring. Communties and clades can include organisms that cannot crossbreed. || ||   || Help · About · Blog · Terms · Privacy · [|**Support**] · [|**Upgrade**]Contributions to http://bealbio.wikispaces.com are licensed under a [|Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License]. Portions not contributed by visitors are Copyright 2009 Tangient LLC.
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