Period+2+Ch.+4+2011


 * AP Biology**


 * Chapter 4 Guided Reading Assignment**

Again, this chapter is a review of previously covered material. We will be moving through the material very quickly, please see me for extra assistance if needed.

1. Why is organic chemistry so important in the study of biology? Organic Chemistry studies the carbon compounds. The range from simple molecules to complex ones. They most often contain hydrogen atoms in addition with carbon atoms. Carbon can build a variety of organic molecules. It is important however because there are so many different reactions that occur in biological systems that are organic reactions. Alot of labs that are done in chemistry and biology involve organic reactions. 2. Why was the Urey-Miller experiment so important? This experiment was so important because it proved that an oragnic substance could be made from two inorganic substances artificially in a lab. During the experiment, he enclosed substances that were thought to be present on early earth. methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), and water (H2O). It proved that a few of key molecules of life could have been synthesized on primitive Earth.  3. What is special about carbon that makes it the central atom in the chemistry of life? What is special about the carbon atom is that it can form diverse molecules by bonding to other atoms which are hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.It is the building block of life. It has 4 valence electrons which allows it to branch off in 4 different directions allowing it to build these complex structures.



4. Use the diagram below to label and contrast the three types of isomers.


 * < [[image:bealbio/chem_chapter_4_Q_4_image.jpg width="401" height="428" align="center" caption="chem_chapter_4_Q_4_image.jpg"]] ||
 * < a) Structural Isomers differ in covalent partner,as shown in these two isomers of pentane.b) Geometric Isomers differ in arrangement about a double bond.The blue boxrepresents an atom or group of atoms attached to a double-bonded carbon.c) Enantiomers differ in spatial measures around an asymmetric carbon,resulting in [[image:http://www.wikispaces.com/i/editor/insert_table.gif]] molecules that are mirror images, like right and left hands. The two isomers aredesignated the L and D isomers form Latin for left and right (levo and dextro).Enantiomers cannot be placed over on each other. ||

a. Hydroxyl- **Functional Group: Hydroxyl ** Polar, as a result of electronegative oxygen atom attract electrons
 * Structure: -OH **
 * Name of Compounds: Alcohols **
 * Example: Ethanol [[image:bealbio/ethanol.gif]] **
 * Functional Properties: Helps dissolve organic compounds **

b. Carbonyl Cmpounds: __#|ketones__ within a carbon skeleton aldehydes end of carbon skeleton Example: acetone Propanal



Functions: structural isomers with different properties c. Carboxyl compound: carboxylic/ organic acids functional properties: acidic properties because of the source of hydrogen ions found in cells in the ionic form covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so poor that the hydrogen ions dissociate example: acetic acid d. Amino



Ex): Glycine Functional Properties: acts as a base; can pick up a proton from the surrounding solution. ionized, with a charge of 1+, under cellular conditions  Name of Compounds: Amines e. Sulfhydryl The Sulfhydryl Group Consists of a sulfur atom bonded to  an atom of hydrogen;resembles a Hydroxyl group in shape.  Name of Compounds: Thiols  Example:  Functional Properties:  -Two Sulfhydryl groups can interact to help stabilize protein structure. || f. Phosphate  Organic Phosphates ||  || Functional Properties:  - Lots of O=negatively charged  - Transfers energy between organic molecules  - Highly reactive ||
 * [[image:bealbio/Sulfhydryl.png width="241" height="163"]] ||
 * Structure:
 * [[image:bealbio/Trisodium-Phosphate-Structural-Formula.gif]] || Name: