Period+2+GR+22

​ AP Biology Guided Reading Chapter 22

1. What were the two major points of Darwin’s publication “The Origin of Species”? ​ 1- many species of organisms presently inhabit the Earth and are decendents of ancectral species that were different from modern speices. 2- Darwin proposed a mechanism for this evolutionary process called natural selection.

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2. Define the following terms: a. Natural selection ​- Differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment. Evolution occurs when atural selection causes changes in relative frequencies of all alleles in the gene pool.

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b. Evolutionary adaptation ​- An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments.

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c. Evolution ​- All the charges that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to diversity that characterizes today.

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d. Taxonomy ​- ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess simiarities and differences, leading to a classification scheme; the branch of biology concerned wih naming the diverse forms of life.

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3. Detail the impact/position/contribution to evolutionary theory and include a perspective of time in the following: a. Aristotle ​ -Viewed species as fixed- certain affinities among organisms allow them to be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity called the scale of nature, and each organism is permanent and perfect according to the Old Testament of Creation.

b. Linnaeus -sought to classify organisms for "the greater glory of God".He was the founder of taxonomy and developed a two part binomial system of naming orgamisms according to genus and species. He created the nesting system that grouped species in to increasingly general categories, claiming that similarities were only a pattern of creation.

c. Cuvier -developed paleantology, which is the study of fossils,a nd realized that deeper the strata unearthed, the less similar the fossils looked, and that from one strata to the next, fossils of new speacies apear while others disappear. Cuvier believed that extinctions were caused due to catastrophism.

d. Lyell -Uniformitarianism-the same geological processes are operating today as they were in the past and at the same rate. e. Lamarck -found several lines of decent, each with a series of older fossils leading to younger fossils that could be associated with a living species. Lamarck also hypothesized the theories of use and disuse and the inheritance of aquired traits. Use and disuse states that body parts that are frequently used will become stronger and withstand evolution, while those organs and body parts not used will die off. The inheritance of aquired traits claims that traits such as trained strength in body builders will be passed on to their children.Both of these theories are incorrect. Lamarck also thought that species evolved because all organisms have the inate desire to become more complex. f. Malthus - believe that much of human suffering (disease, famine, homelessness, and war) were inescapable consequences of the human populations potential to increase faster than food and other resources. Also believed that the struggle for existance was due to capacity to overreproduce, leading to survival fo the fittest.

g. Hutton -gradualism-profound change can take place through the cumualtive effect of slow but continuous process. Hutton proposed that Earth's geological features could be explianed by gradual mechanisms currently operating in the world.

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4. How does catastrophism relate to the ideas of gradualism? Catastrophism and gradualism are both mechanisms for evolutionary change. Catastrophism claims that each boundary between strata represent a catastrophe that destroyed many of the species living at the time, and gradualism claims that profound change in a population can occur over a slow, yet continuous process. beal. . . good!

5. How did the Voyage of the Beagle impact Darwin’s research? He was able to observe a variety of plants, animals, and fossils throughout the tropical and temperate regions of South America, and compare them and their adaptations. beal. . . to what he saw on the Galapagos!

6. How did Alfred Wallace impact Darwin in his work? **Wallace was going to publish a book with his own ideas of natural selection that was basically the same as Darwin's. He sent a manuscript to Darwin, which pushed Darwin to publish //Origin of Species//.**

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7. What part did adaptation play in Darwin’s thinking? In natural selection, adaptation is what occurred in order for natural selection to exist and operate. Also, Darwin perceived adaptation to the environment and the origin of species as closely related processes.

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8. What did Darwin mean by descent with modification? In simplistic terms, the general process of evolution. He meant that forms of life unified with all organisms related through descent from a common ancestor. As the descendents made habits, they accumulated diverse modifications.

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9. What did Mayr take from Darwin’s work – summarize the observations and inferences. beal. . . good!

Observation 2: Populations tend to remain stable. Observation 3: Resources are limited. __Inference 1__: Producing more individuals than the resources can support can lead to a struggle for existence. Observation 4: Members in a population vary extensively. Observation 5: Much of this variation is heritable. __Inference 2__: Survival depends on inherited traits - those with traits that enable them to better survive are more likely to survive and produce offspring that are also more like to survive. __Inference 3__: This unequal ability of individuals to survive will lead to a gradual change in a population with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations. **
 * Observation 1: Population would increase rapidly if all individuals reproduce successfully.

10. How did the concept of artificial selection impact Darwin’s ideas? beal. . . good!

**He believed that if artificial selection can create so much change in a relatively short period of time, then natural selection should be able to modify species over hundres or thousands of generations.**

11. What three word phrase summarizes Darwin’s mechanism of evolution? beal. . . good!

Descent with modification

12. Explain the evolution of Drug Resistance in bacteria in terms of natural selection. beal. . . good!

The application of an antibiotic serves as the evolutonary pressure, so that when some of the bacteria survive due to their genetic mutations, they survive to reproduce and create more antibiotic immune bacteria, which is a perfect example of natural selection.

13. Define the following terms: a. Homologous structures Variations on a structure that was present in a common ancestor, that now serve different purposes Example: All mammals have a similar bone structure in their forelimbs

b. Vestigial structures Structures that were very important in their ancestors, but serve little to no purpose in their modern forms. Example: the vestigial leg and hip bones present in some snakes.

c. Analogous structures Structures that serve similar purposes, but evolved seperatley Example: The flying squirrel and the Australian sugar glider possess similar features(glide flaps, large eyes), but evolved seperatley

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14. What is biogeography and why is it important to the study of evolution? Biogeography is Darwins observations of the geographic distribution of species. Closely related species are usually found in the same region of the world. Sometimes species are related that do not live near eachother. For example the Giant Anteater is related to the Armadillo, but they live far apart. This is because when Earth's land was massed in one giant supercontinent called Pangea, the two species common ansestor split into two groups, one went north and the other south. They are very alike, because of their common link, but different because they've, over time, evolved into two different species.

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15. How do the fossil record and sedimentary rock provide evidence to evolution? The way the fossil record and sedimentary rock provide evidence for evolution is by the way skeleton change between the layers of rock. You see over time newer layers of rock form on top of older layers creating a sort of time line within the rock. In the older layers of rock skeletons such as the earliest ancestor to the whale which looked like a type of wolf can be found near the layers close to the ocean. Then if you look up a layer or 2 you can see a gradual change in the skeleton such as shorter legs and wider hands for swimming. Also the skeleton is farther towards the ocean showing its more suited for that environment. If you look even higher up towards the top of the layers that same skeleton will be even more morphed into a whale. These layers prove evolution by picking small increments in time to show a progression of a specie.

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